First Union: An Office Without Walls Essay

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Integrative Case 5.0, â€Å"First Union: An Office Without Walls,† found on page 589 of the text book Organization Theory & Design, by Richard L. Daft, and to respond to the questions relating to the case study. Problem Statement First Union Federal is a large savings and loan banking organization at which Meg Rabb has been employed with since she was 18. Meg has been recently promoted to Vice President of her division after serving the last five years as assistant V.P. At the time Meg was hired as an assistant V.P. there had not been a single female in the position of V.P. After a week in her new position, Meg was notified by her boss Dan Cummings that she would be moving into a new office. After three weeks of construction, Meg’s office was complete; however, only a day after settling in, Meg was summoned to her boss’ office yet again. She was informed that the First Union president had performed a walkthrough of the building and ruled that Meg’s office was too large and would have to be torn down and rebuild from the current 12 feet by 12 feet specifications down to the new 10 feet by 10 feet specifications outlined in the new regulations. Meg was angry and questioned herself how this would effect and damage her department’s morale, and how she could possibly lose the respect from her peers she worked so hard to earn. Meg also wondered if this had to do with her being a woman in a position of power – especially when her promotion came after an intervention from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The EEOC discovered that First Union did not have any female executives at or above the level of V.P. prior to Meg’s promotion and encouraged First Union to seek out qualified female candidates for promotion to executive status. This paper will identify the main issue at First Union, discuss the forces for cultural change, explain the use of power, and finally determine what political tactics Meg should use to resolver her office situation at First Union. Questions What is the main issue in this case? The main issue in this case is First Union’s corporate culture, the accompanying ethical values and how these are motivated by organization managers. According to Daft (2013), organizational culture exists at two levels – on the surface are the visible characteristics and observable behaviors and below the surface are the underlying values, assumptions, and beliefs that make up the second level (p. 393). At First Union, the issue with corporate culture touches on both levels of organizational culture. The observable behaviors include office layouts, the type of control systems and power structures used by the company and the ceremonies organizations share (Daft, 2013, p. 393). The office layout in Meg’s department was split up into sections and partitioned off for each of her 12 staff. Depending on their level in the organizational hierarchy, employees had variable office furniture for their individual section. The lowest-level employees received minimal second-rate quality furniture and often had to share the space with other employees. Robertson argues with the right approach, a company can become forward-thinking by creating a workspace with flow and function that motivates and inspires people and their business (2006, p. 35). Today, forward-thinking companies are turning to egalitarianism to get the job done. Rather than acting like the office space is symbol of status, all office spaces should be equal, cutting down on costs of space, equipment and furniture (Robertson, 2006, p. 34). Secondly, Meg’s boss, Dan Cummings, is senior V.P. of human resources. With his position, he organized the first annual â€Å"Dan Cummings Golf Invitational† now in its fourth year setup. Invitations to this prestigious event indicated status in the organization – only those V.P.s and assistant V.P.s close to senior management received invitations; yet no female employee had ever been invited to the golf tournament. Disregard to ethics threats substantial harm to reputation and to other significant intangible corporate assets – including employee morale and productivity. The outcomes of unethical behavior can affect an organization’s ability to survive (Doorley & Garcia, 2007, p. 30). In addition to these contributing factors, Meg was the first person to fall victim to stri ct adherence to the miscalculation of  her office size. Not only that, but shortly before her promotion, the EEOC put pressure on First Union to hire female executives since none had been put in place. Meg was the first of her kind. The EEOC was trying to encourage diversity management. Diversity management is defined by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) as a practice intended to produce and maintain a positive work environment that recognizes the value of individuals’ similarities and differences, so that everyone can reach their potential and make the most of their contributions to an organization’s strategic goals and objectives (GAO, 2013, p. 5). What are the forces for cultural change at First Union? Cultural changes will need to start from the top down. According to Daft (2013), culture changes refer to changes in the values, attitudes, expectations, beliefs, abilities, and behavior of employees such as the mindset of the organization (p. 435). Miller and Tucker (2013) suggest the senior leadership must set the tone at the top for integrity and ethics including diversity (p. 56). Consulting with First Union’s outside auditors, internal and outside legal counsel may be helpful in laying the groundwork for an updated diversity plan and Code of Ethics (Miller & Tucker, 2013, p. 56). Miller and Tucker go on to state top management should work with legal counsel to identify possible events that could impact the company’s diversity program, such as the annual golf tournament (2013, p. 56). Discuss the use of power at First Union. The use of power at First Union is interesting as it has many facets. For one, the mortgage division was considered the most powerful as it was the department that made that brought in a substantial amount of revenues. Because of the mortgage division’s contribution to the bottom line, the mortgages offices had been remodeled so beautifully, that they stood out from the rest of the bank. This is an example of reward power (Jing, 2010, p. 220). The president was not happy with the cost of the renovations but kept his displeasure to himself due to the significant profits generated by the mortgage division. Just as stated above, First Union had not employed any female executives until the EEOC intervened encouraging them to do so. And just as there had not been any women executives in a VP status, none had been invited to play in the annual golf invitational either. This is a prime example of referent power, which refers to the ability to provide others with feelings of personal acceptance, approval, usefulness, or worth (Jing, 2010, p. 220). The artwork around First Union was also suggestive of the values perceived by top management as one particular art piece displayed a member of the female body and was hung in the president’s conference room. This is another example of referent power. An example of legitimate and possible coercive power is the president’s influence on the building manager in deciding to downsize Meg’s office. As stated in the text, Meg was the first person to come under scrutiny with the current regulations. This is considered legitimate because of the president’s position to impose a sense of obligation on the building manager to follow the guidelines even though they were casually held in compliance with other executives. It is also coercive as the president has the power to grant and take away rewards and privileges (Jing, 2010, p. 220). What political tactics should Meg use? Political behavior is an important factor of power progressions in organizations and has been found to enhance leader-member relations, career mentoring, and customer satisfaction (Gupta, Singh, & Singh, 2008, p. 16). Meg should only employ sanctioned political tactics that are perceived as acceptable in the workplace as a way to progress positive relationships. She should try to cultivate positive relationships throughout the First Union by learning about their views and developing mutually advantageous coalitions and alliances (Daft, 2013, p. 548). Meg should also use the political tactic of reciprocity which works hand in hand in building coalitions and alliances. Being in a V.P. position, Meg has the prime opportunity to be a mentor to  other females since she is the first woman V.P. at First Union; not only would she be educating females, but educating males on acceptable behavior changing the culture of First Union and its perception of women in the workplace (Gupta et. al, 2008, p. 23). Other political tactics include: promoting self-interests (such as her golf lessons) through creating and maintaining a favorable image with the â€Å"power holders† to help foster a change in culture. Meg can draw the attention to the success her department has in establishing positive staff morale and by developing a reputation as formidable as the mortgage division. Doing so would make her as a V.P. and the department more desirable to the influential members of First Union (Gupta et. al, 2008, p. 24). And lastly, Meg can become a â€Å"mentoree† by looking up to the more senior members of the organization for advice and support. Conclusion In conclusion, First Union’s main issue is the corporate culture and the need for change in the organization. In order to foster this need, top management will need to change their way of thinking and educate the staff from their level on down. With Meg being the first woman hired as a female V.P., she is in a prime position to help pave the way towards this new cultural change. References Daft, R. L. (2013). Organization Theory & Design (11th ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western. Doorley, J., & Garcia, H. (2007). Reputation Management: The Key to Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communication. New York: Routledge. Government Accountability Office. (2013). Diversity management. (GAO-13-238). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Jing, Z. (2010). Cross-cultural study on French and Chinese managers’ use of power sources. International Journal of Business & Management, 5(5), 219-225. Miller, S.K., & Tucker III, J. J. (2013). Diversity trends, practices, and challenges in the financial services industry. Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 67(6), 46-57. Robertson, D. (2006). Does your office work for you?. J@Pan Inc, (66), 32-35. Gupta, B., Singh, S., & Singh, N. (2008) Self-monitoring and perceived job security and use of sanctioned and non-sanctioned political tactics. Vilakshan: The XIMB Journal of Management, 5(2), 15-32.

Letter from Birmingham City Jail Essay

Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King wrote the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† in an exceedingly effective way. King used his intelligence, virtue, and honesty to write an appropriate reply to the criticism he received. He also used logic and emotional appeal. In the first paragraph King says, â€Å"†¦ Since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He gives the ministers importance. He recognizes that these men are of â€Å"genuine food† and accepts their sincere criticism with humbleness. Dr. Martin Luther King says, â€Å"I am sure that each of you would want to go beyond the superficial social analyst who looks merely at effects and does not grapple with underlying causes.† He demonstrated that he knows and respects that the ministers are intelligent and that they are in agreeance in some aspects. He later says, â€Å"But I have tried to say that this is normal and healthy discontent can be channelized through the creative outlet of nonviolent direct action. Now this approach is being dismissed as extremist. I must admit that I was initially disappointed in being categorized.† King expresses his beliefs as to be called an extremist. He does not believe his nonviolent actions should be labeled â€Å"extremist.† Dr. King says, â€Å"If I have said anything in this letter that is an overstatement of the truth and is indictive of an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me.† In this statement, he not only apologizes for any exaggerations, he also shows a great deal of respect to them. King says,† Anyone who lives in the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in this country.† King gives the ministers a feel of belonging. As long as they live in the Unites States they will be accepted. King later says, â€Å"Like so many experiences of the past, we were confronted with blasted hopes and the dark shadow of a deep disappointment settled upon us.† King describes his disappointments as dark shadows creating an image for his audience to relate to. He says, â€Å"For years now, I have heard the word† Wait!† It rings in the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity. This â€Å"wait† has almost always meant â€Å"never† even though this may have been written in a placid manner, the ministers can feel that his actual emotions behind this sentence was anger. Further on in the letter he says,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when  you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as seek to explain to your six-year old daughter why she can’t go to the public amusement park that had just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her little eyes when she is told Funtown is closed to colored children, †¦and see her begin to distort her little personality by unconsciously developing a bitterness towards white people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  once again his audience can feel his anger. He creates images of this innocent little girl crying of disappointment slowly changing into someone resentful of White people. A great deal of this letter was logical. In paragraph 6 King says, â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps (1) collection of facts to determine whether injustices are alive, (2) negotiation, (3) self-purification, (4) direct action. We have gone through all these steps in Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying of the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community.† King states the four basic steps and recognized that there is a certain way to behave. Later King also says, â€Å"I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts, the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for law.† Martin Luther King used a very logical appeal by saying; when a crime is committed consequences are inevitable. Anyone who commits a crime is punished. King later says, â€Å"One day the South will know that when these disinherited children of God sat down at lunch counters they were in reality standing up for the best in the American dream and the most sacred values in our Judeo-Christian heritage, and thusly, carrying our whole nation back to those great wells of democracy which were dug deep by the founding fathers in the formulation of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.† He used God and religion as a logical appeal and to his audience, as ministers, God and religion are indeed especially logical. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King used his knowledge, values, and integrity to generate a suitable reply to the ministers. He replied in an effective manner with elegance and tranquility. He used reason and emotion to make his  response further successful.

Americans were reluctant to get involved in World War II (the war Essay

Americans were reluctant to get involved in World War II (the war started in 1939; the U.S. did not join until 1941). Why do you think this is - Essay Example Americans aided many of the European countries throughout the war to recover from the great depression. However, they finally were forced to enter into the war when Hitler declared a war against them and when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbour. Americans had suffered much from the World War I and had been hit by the great depression which left thousands of citizens unemployed and homeless. At the time of the World War II, the Americans were still recovering from the great depression and had adopted isolation. Many Americans, called isolationists, believed that they were not ready to enter another long and costly war. Congress passed the Neutrality Act in 1935 which referred to outlawing the provision of supplies and funds to the warring countries. However in 1939, Germany’s aggression towards England caused President Roosevelt to be an interventionist and take permission from the Congress to supply aid to European countries. Many of the Americans still opposed this intervention criticising that German military was really tough to defeat since American military was not ready for a war. U.S. intervention in the war would thus not be a good move. Hence, the U.S. did not initially enter the war. The second reason, which is the most important one, is the attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941. On the morning of 7th December, the Japanese Navy conducted a surprise attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. After two hours of the attacks, more than 21 ships were damaged or sunk, 2400 citizens were killed, and about 188 aircrafts were destroyed. This attack outraged the Americans and the next day they abandoned their isolationism policy and declared war against Japan. This was the time when U.S. was officially a part of the WWII. The Japanese attacked the U.S. because they did not want to make any more negotiations with them. The Japanese wanted their expansion in Asia which was hindered because of the restricted embargo on Japan by the U.S. The

World Applications Of Statistics ANOVA and Nonparametric Tests Essay

World Applications Of Statistics ANOVA and Nonparametric Tests - Essay Example The variance in the data may be within the realm of chance. However, there may be other factors that are affecting his sales. By analyzing a small amount of data among a few groups, a non-parametric test can show which factor is the cause of the variance. Inferences can be drawn from ANOVA from very small sample sizes and limited data. This makes it practical to use when the cost of data collection is a consideration. While larger samples will increase the power of the test, small samples can be measured by their degree of variance and further increase the power of the test if the variance is small. Another lesson learned was that the analysis of variance is so complex that it is impractical to perform on a calculator. There are many computer programs that calculate ANOVA such as Excel and SPSS. Today, this complex area of statistics can be performed on a limited budget with a minimum amount of computer software. The simulation demonstrated that meaningful information about a varianc e among groups can be tested with limited resources. The concept of using small sample sizes makes analyzing business data convenient for small-scale operations. The knowledge that it can be done with Excel makes it even more valuable, as I am moderately proficient at using it. Another key feature of ANOVA is that it can work with ordinal or interval data. This is especially useful when gathering data through a questionnaire. In addition, ANOVA is able to measure the interaction between multiple factors.

The Impact of the Shortage of Affordable Housing on Homelessness Essay

The Impact of the Shortage of Affordable Housing on Homelessness - Essay Example Of this goes up housing is considered expensive and creates problems hardships for the family or individual. Affordable housing can be defined as a housing scheme which costs a household a maximum 30% of their incomes. If the cost of housing increases beyond 30% then the families are considered to be in a position where they have difficulty in affording all the basic necessities of life which includes food, shelter, medical care and transport facilities. In the United States, a number as large as 2 million are burdened with basic necessities of life as they are paying more than 50% for their housing cost out of their annual salary. This is to say that a household with one bread owner who earns a minimum wage can in n o way afford a two bedroom house/apartment in accordance with the prices prevailing in the market. (Development, 2008 ) Intermediate housing is that kind of housing in which the rent paid by the tenant is lower than the market price but it is higher than the social rent. It does not include low cost market housing but shared equity products in addition to intermediate rent are included. Over the years, the budget of the US Housing Urban Development (HUD) has decreased by a substantial amount. From $83 billion in 1976 it dropped to around $ 18 billion in 1983 and has been around $30 billion ever since. There were around 400,000 affordable housing units in 1976 and by 2002 only 25,900 were left. Still the HID added only a mere 7,635. This is very less with respect to the demand and over the years the number of households or people in need for affordable housing have increased rather than decreased. (Council, 2007) More than 60% of extremely low-income households spend more than 30% of their income on housing - exceeding HUD's affordability standard. (Without Housing: Decades of Federal Housing Cutbacks Massive Homelessness and Policy Failures.) According to HUD standards, housing that costs half or more of household income is severely unaffordable or "a severe cost burden." (Development U. D., 2003) The cost of renting a house is beyond the financial capacity of a lot of people in United States today. As the income remains constant, the housing rents have shot up. Hence there is a big gap between increase in spending and more or less no significant increase in the amount of money earned by individuals making it more difficult for the low income brackets to afford a house on a rental basis. Shortage of affordable housing increased to a great extent the risk of homelessness. Some of the policies on affordable housing include the local authorities should in advance plan out the housing needs of their community or jurisdiction including those who cannot afford it easily. A community should be planned in such a way that it should have a mix of housing which accommodates those who can afford bid houses as well as those sectors who need affordable prices. Regional Planning Guidance for Yorkshire and the Humber to 2016 (RPG12) outlines its approach to affordable housing in Policy H4 Housing Size, Type and Affordability. The policy requires targets for the provision of affordable housing in each district to be informed by evidence from local

Answer the questions on the paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer the questions on the paper - Essay Example Depreciation 2,500 Acquisition 13,000 Depreciation 2,500       Balance c/d(balance sheet) 20,000    25,000    25,000             Provision for depreciation Details Ant($) Details Ant($)       Motor Van a/c 2,500 Balance c/d 5,000 P & L 2,500    5,000    5,000             Rent Expenses Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash a/c 15,000       Prepaid rent 5,000 P & L 20,000    20,000    20,000             Prepaid Rent Account Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Bal. b/d 5,000 Rent expenses 5,000                5,000    5,000                         Rate expenses Account Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Prepaid exp. 300       Cash 975 P & L 1,300    1,300    1,300             Prepaid Rate Account Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Balance e B/F 300 Rate expenses 300 Cash 325 Bal. c/d(balance sheet) 325    625    625             Motor Van Expenses Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash 16,200 Bal c/d 16,200    16,200    16,200                         Wages Expense Account Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash a/c 36,070       Accrual wage 860 P & L 36,930    36,930    36,930                                     Accrued wages account Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash a/c 630 Bal. b/d 630 Bal. c/d(balance sheet) 860 Wages Exp. 860    1,490    1,490             Accounts Payables Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash a/c 71,000 Bal. b/d 22,000 Bal. c/d (Bal. ... t Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash 690 Balance B/F 620 Suspense a/c 70    690    690                                     Electricity Expense Account Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash 1,130 P & L 1,130    1,130    1,130                                                             Operating Expenses Account(delivery Van) Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Cash a/c 16,200 P & L 16,200                         Suspense Account Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Electricity Accrued 70 Bal c/d 70    70    70             Purchases a/c Details Ant($) Details Ant($) Bal. b/d 65,000       Cash 8,000 Sales(Cash) 25,000 Creditor 67,000 Sales(Credit) 89,000       Bal c/d(bal. sheet) 26,000    140,000    140,000 Calculation of depreciation (ANTLE, & GARSTKA, 2004).   T & T Co. COMPREHENSIVE STATEMENT FOR FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31,DECEMBER 2012 $ $ Sale (Cash) 54,000 Sale (Cred it) 179,000 Total Sales Revenue 233,000 Less COG (114,000) Gross Profit 119,000 Operating Expenses Van Running Exp. 16,200.00 Rates 1,300.00 Electricity & Wages 38,060.00 Rent 20,000.00 (75,560) Net Profit before taxation 43,440 Taxation (8,688) Net Profit after taxation 34,752 T & T Co. COMPREHENSIVE STATEMENT FOR FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31,DECEMBER 2012 $ $ $ PRESENTED BY: NON CURRENT ASSETS Motor Van: Cost 25,000 : Depreciation (5,000) 20,000 CURRENT ASSETS Inventories 26,000 Trade Receivable 20,600 Prepaid Expenses 325 Cash/Bank 49,730 96,655 LESS CURRENT LIABILITIES Trade payable 18,000 Accrued Expenses 860 (18,860) 77,795 97,795 FINANCED BY: Original Capital 50,000 Profit b/d Add profit for the year Less Drawings 26,900 Unrealized profit 34,752 (20,000) 6,143 97,795 RATION ANALYSIS FOR MAGIC ENTERPRISES PLC Name 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012   Current Ratio               Interest Coverage Ratio      

Fetishism and the Surrealist Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fetishism and the Surrealist Object - Essay Example The essay "Fetishism and the Surrealist Object" states Fetishism and Surrealism. Invoking ideas of personal sexual fantasies outsides the realm of polite society, fetishism primarily exists in the world behind the world, and its public expression in the form of art can be a brazen and shocking thing. Contemporary artists such as Mona Hatoum, Rebecca Horn and Nobuyoshi Araki have created significant art that falls into the space of fetishism. However, considering the concurrent societal norms, earlier, less accepting epochs demanding conformity have produced some of the most provocative pieces touching on this taboo, primarily the Surrealists. Indeed, few movements invoke the overall inner landscape of dreams, desires and unconscious more determinedly. Primarily functioning between the two world Wars, Surrealism was a movement motivated by the writings of Andre Breton and dedicated to exposing the desires of the subconscious and fighting the bourgeois society surrounding them in many different avenues of expression. In addition to writing, Surrealist artists utilized painting, collage, photography and sculpture to advance various Freudian driven concepts. Among these was the idea of the object. Although Breton had called for the creation of Surrealist objects earlier, it was only during the 1930’s did the debate and production of these objects truly gain momentum within the group. Distinct from the contemporary concept of sculpture, these homemade montages of distinct yet everyday elements. transferred these works from the utilitarian to the realm of dreams. In this manner, 'the object created therefore constitutes the intrusion into daily life of a desire that moulds and transforms matter according to its requirements, meticulously creating the synthesis of extreme intimacy and the outside world'.4 For this essay I have chosen two famous yet utterly distinct surrealist objects to demonstrate the breadth of fetishism in this movement. Although the "furry teacup" of Meret Oppenheim might seem completely unrelated to Hans Bellmer's notorious doll, they are both objects emerging from the Surrealist school that revolve around fetishism. Object (Le Djeuner en fourrure)5 Introduced to the Surrealist group when she was only eighteen, Meret Oppenheim began as a model for photographer Man Ray before embarking on her Oppenheim, Meret (1936). Object (Le Djeuner en fourrure). Fur-covered cup, saucer and spoon. 7.3 cm tall. On display at The Museum of Modern Art, New York. own artistic endeavours.6 Apparently, the concept for the work emerged from a conversation in a Parisian caf with Pablo Picasso and Dora Maar in 1936:7 he happened to be wearing one of the bracelets she had been making for Schiaparelli out of lengths of fur-lined, polished metal tubing. Talking and joking about the bracelet, Picasso quipped that one could actually cover anything with fur, to which Meret replied, "Even this cup and saucer" Shortly afterwards, When Andr Breton invited her to contribute to an Exhibition of Surrealist objects at the Galerie Charles Ratton, she recalled the conversation and, without further ado, bought a large cup and saucer with spoon at the Parisian department store, Uniprix, and lined the three objects with the fur of a Chinese gazelle. It was Andre Breton who named the work.8 Somehow, this simple concept erupted into the canons of twentieth century art, and what

Benefits of Risk Management, Risk Management Frameworks Assignment

Benefits of Risk Management, Risk Management Frameworks - Assignment Example Importance of Risk Management Risk Management is extremely crucial because it helps the decision-making process regarding viability and competitiveness between organizations. It also helps in the creation of value which is the main factor to manage the business better in global markets when all organizations have equal access to available resources because then business processes to congregate on international standards. Operational efficiency can be increased by having plans for risk management already in place because it enables a business to do more for less. This means putting aside resources from regular expenditures in making strategic investments which will support company goals. A large percentage of the budget is spent on keeping the business running. Progressive organizations must have contingency plans to develop and expand resource deployment and implementation which will spare resources to concentrate on risk management strategies. (Mes 2010). Benefits of Risk Management Risk is always associated with insecurity and improbabilities with the possibility of things not turning out as expected. The benefits of risk management are that the organization is fully prepared for such eventualities and has a mechanism in place to handle risks and minimize losses. It is not possible to totally eliminate all risks, so good risk management develops awareness of risks when times are good, and perpetuates regulations and self-control during crises (Raz and Michael 2001). The benefits of risk management can be both long and short term. Accordingly, each stage of risk management efforts beginning from risk identification and evaluation and formulating alleviation or improvement strategies has its own benefits (Miller 1992). Question 2: Compare and contrast Management of Risk with another risk management framework (such as that offered in chapter 7 of Project Management by Larson and Gray), highlighting the similarities and differences between them.  

Dissertation - Can an organisation's growth be restricted Essay

Dissertation - Can an organisation's growth be restricted (constrained) by its recruitment policies, employee motivation or is it other factors - Essay Example For this reason, there is a strong need to determine the best way to increase the work motivation of the older generation employees. For this study, the researcher aims to determine whether the organization’s growth be restricted by its recruitment policies and employment motivation strategies on workers more than 50 years of age. To address the purpose of the study, the researcher will first conduct a literature review on organizational culture, work equality, importance of work flexibility and work-life balance, and the current employment law with regards to the pension age. Eventually, the researcher will conduct a quantitative and qualitative research survey among employees more than 50 years old. Organizational culture refers to â€Å"a set of norms, beliefs, principles and behaviour that gives the organization a unique character.† (Brown, 1995) It is also defined as â€Å"a pattern of behaviour developed by an organization to cope with problems related to external adaptation and internal integration aside from enabling the employees to feel and think positively.† David (1999: 143) Organizational culture is a paradigm which is often developed by employees within the organization. Over time, organizational culture forms a strong set of behavioural patterns and belief that could greatly affect the perception of employees with regards to its organizational goals and success. (Willcoxson & Millett, 2000) In fact, organization culture could greatly influence not only the success of the organization in terms of attaining its organizational goals but also its current performance. (DuBrin, 2002; David, 1999; Robbins, 1998) In order to effectively develop a strong organizational culture, managers play an important role when it comes to determining and implementing an acceptable organizational culture that promotes employees’ loyalty as well as motivating them to participate in supporting the effort on attaining the organizational goal

Research current regulations concerning head injuries Essay

Research current regulations concerning head injuries - Essay Example The football associations are holding discussions to allow players to be putting on helmets during the game. The regulation concerning the helmet prohibits an opponent from holding a players helmet and pulling the head around. This rule is meant to protect the players from neck injuries and possible impairment. Another rule concerning the head injury is the rule that prohibits an opponent player blind block on a challenger’s head. The head is a delicate part of the body hence the rule that protects the receiver of the ball from being tackled by the head. The tackle to the head may be head to head, hand to head incident, or foot to head incident. All these tackles result in head injuries and sometimes lead to concussions. Head injuries may lead to concussions or damages to the brain and even deaths. The regulations governing head injuries in football are being developed because of the consequences of the injuries (Nelson, 354-401). Players who get head injuries suffer at a later date from dementia, short term memory, and brain diseases. Another rule governing the head injury requires a player who shows signs of concussion like dizziness to remain out of the field that day. After a concussion, there are regulations which are followed before a player is allowed to play again. A player who is unconscious must be evaluated by the doctor before he is allowed back to the field. The players are kept off the field until they show no symptoms of concussion. In addition to that the regulations require an independent neurologist to examine the player instead of the team doctor. The regulations also require that a player who has suffered concussion cannot return to the field until after one day. The rules also require all the players to have a full awareness of the severity of concussions. The rules do not prescribe the maximum number of concussions, but that depends on the coach and player. Every

The requirements of the user were to convert Essay Example for Free

The requirements of the user were to convert Essay Introduction This document will outline all the major tasks and subtasks involved in the Unit 2 part of the three-unit course. Requirements The requirements of the user were to convert a paper based system of booking to an electronic booking system through my vast knowledge of ICT. This involved creating a logo, an invoice, the actual booking system and a set of two mail merge letters. The Logo The logo was one of the first assignments that we did and was one of the easiest for me. The main problem that I encountered was that it was hard for me to think of a design for my logo. It took me a while, but I eventually got my head around it. The strengths were that it was easy for me to replicate it but for some it was a lot harder because the designs were too intricate for them to replicate on the computer and had to use the electronic white board (Smart Board). If I did this again I would use Paint Shop Pro 7 for it would have looked a lot more professional. The Invoice The invoice was a lot harder for some and it would have been easier for me to use a less complex design. The invoice itself was easy to plan out but not to create. During the creation on the invoice, I actually forgot how to create a macro by using the control toolbox, so I spent some time scripting the macros. This was easy, for I do a lot of level, map and character scripts for a game that I have created. Then I realised how to do a macro and I started to use the control toolbar again and got the macros done a lot faster. If I did this again, I would have used the control toolbox instead of the forms toolbox and record my own macros instead of scripting them. The strength of this part was using MS Excel to create this invoice. The weakness was my mind, for forgetting how to generate the macros. The Booking System This was the longest and the most tedious task of all, and was created using MS Access (A database construction program). First, I created the three tables and a relationship between the tables. The next item that required undertaking was the queries. They were created with ease and were to be used in the manufacture of the forms and reports. The switchboard was next; this was easy to create for the reason that it was mainly consisted of macros and a . gif image. The strength was the speed in which I created it, the weakness was the close program macro, which did not close the program down, but merely closed the switchboard. If I did this again, I would have taken my time and checked over everything instead of testing it once and just leaving it. Mail Merge Letters The mail merge letters were quite easy. It just involved creating a set of 2 letters, which had space for merge fields. These merge fields allow the program to place certain pieces of information into the document. These documents were to be merged with the database to create an amount of letters the number of which is defined by the amount of clients with similar pieces of data. The strength was the software, which was easily implemented with the section of the program that handled the merge. The weakness was the amount of time the merge fields took to input into the document.

Kenya contributions of foreign aid to economic development

Kenya contributions of foreign aid to economic development Foreign aid is the transfer of capital, goods and services from one country to another. This aid may be given or transferred in form of capital transfers or technical assistance and training for either military or civilian purposes. Foreign aid is often given with conditions attached such as requirement that all or part of it maybe capital be used goods from the donor country or company given as a grant with no repayment obligation or a loan with a condition that the recipient country or nation purchase goods or services with the aid from the donor nation or company. These aids can be classified in to two: Bilateral aid Multilateral aid Bilateral aid is aid transferred from one single state or one country to another. Multilateral aid is aid transferred from alliances of multiple states e.g. international monetary fund. Development on the other side is a social phenomenon and it describes sources that are associated with human beings. It is the extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, design, discovery, or invention. A process of economic and social transformation which is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. It can also be defined as a process of adding improvements to a parcel of land, such as grading, subdivisions, drainage, access, roads, utilities. All these can be used to describe development as the transition from a state of poor livelihood to an improved better state. A multinational corporation is a corporation that has its production facilities or other fixed assets in at least one foreign country and makes its major decision of management in a global context. In production, marketing, research and development and labour relations the multinational corporation makes its decision in terms of the host countrys customs and traditions. In finance many of its problems such as the need to shelter working capital from the risk of devaluation , or the choices between owning or licensing have no domestic counterpart. In addition to foreign exchange risks and the special business risk of operating in unfamiliar environments, there is an issue of political risk that sovereign governments may interfere with operations or even terminate the operations. Corporations invest in other countries for a number of reasons that include opening new markets or holding into the existing ones, to get new sources of raw materials and agricultural production, to take advan tage of cheap resources like labour and others. Some critics argue that these transnational corporations work solely in their own best of interest and exhibit no loyalty to the countries in which they are incorporated. CONTRIBUTIONS: Foreign aid had a lot of contribution to the economy of Kenya some that are positive and others negative. The use of foreign aid in the modern era began in the 18th century this was when Prussia subsided some of its allies. It then developed in to more sophisticated instrument of foreign policy after World War II. International organizations such as United Nation Relief and Rehabilitation Administrations were created to provide aid to countries affected by war and newly freed colonies. About 15% of foreign aid is provided by international bodies while the rest by various non-governmental organizations, Inter national Development association, multinational corporations and the International Finance Corporation: regional development Banks, the UN Development program, the European Development Fund and special agencies of the United Nations such as Food and Agriculture Organization. U.S. Corporations have various motives for establishing a corporate presence in other countries. The main possible motive is the desire of growth. In this case a corporation may have reached plateaus in meeting domestic demands and anticipate little additional growth and so a new foreign market might provide opportunities for new growth. Also through direct foreign investment a corporation may bypass high tariffs that prevent its goods from being competitively priced this is all done because of some corporations desire to escape protectionists policies of an importing country. Other motives include preventing competition and reducing cost. Preventing actual or potential competition from foreign nations is by acquiring their businesses and on the other side reducing cost can be attained through the use of cheap foreign resources like labour in developing countries. Some corporations can lower their costs by shifting some or all of its production facilities to other countries. This can also be done as they have the ability to use foreign subsidiaries to minimize their tax liability. The rise of multinationals which is a relatively recent occurrence has resulted to a great deal of legal ambiguity as they can operate in many area codes. Multinational corporations (MNCs) engage in useful and morally defensible activities in Third World countries Kenya being one of the countries and they have been receiving credits for the activities. Some of the significant activities that these MNCs did was extending of opportunities for earning higher incomes and also opportunity of consuming improved quality of goods and services by people living in areas below the poverty line. Although the MNCs came to Kenya with good intentions, they have misrepresented by fearful and ugly images of Marxists and the Dependency Theory advocates. Because many of these MNCs firms originate from industrialized countries including the U.S., the U.K., Canada Germany France and Italy, they have been viewed as instruments for the imposition of western cultural values on third world countries rather than allies in their economic development. Thus some proponents of these views urge for the expulsion of this firms while others less hostile have argued for their close monitoring or regulation by Third World governments. Close observation or supervision of the nature and activities of the MNCs in the Third World countries reveal a positive image of the firms as the allies in development process of these countries inclusive of Kenya. For the greater wellbeing of the majority of Kenyas poor, it is important that the positive contributions of these firms to the economies become more diversely understood. Even though MNCs may be primarily motivated by profits and low cost to invest in Kenya, the morality of their activities in improving the living standards of Kenyan families, Kenyans should not be obscured through misperceptions or misrepresentations. In Kenya, the firms might have been acknowledged through their high wages to local employees than what they would have earned elsewhere. Also higher rents for land and buildings contributed to their acknowledgement. As much as Kenyans believed they were earning higher wages and rents, the MNCs argued that the wages were still low as compared to wages and rents paid to employees and owners of land and buildings in the developed countries. The above explanation on how wages are paid to employees in Kenya and the developed countries but on the other hand unless workers find it most profitable to work for MNCs at the wages they offer, they would choose employment elsewhere . Similarly unless MNCs can make as much profit as they can make at home as well as compensation for the additional risks taken to invest in Kenya or Third World countries, including the risk of asset satisfaction by a hostile future government they would not venture into those parts of the world. Thus, there has to be net benefits for al parties in transaction that is multi national corporations and the workers or foreign employees for the transactions to exist. However the comparison misses several key points. For example the working conditions of developing countries e.g. Kenya and the working conditions of developed countries were not the same standard. The skills or educational levels of workers in Kenya and those of developed countries are different. The amount of machinery and equipment handled by workers in developed countries are different as compared to the ones that are used in Kenya or in the developing countries. In short the output generated by developed countries is higher than the output generated in the developing countries. The company, who is a major contributor of foreign aid in the world which Kenya is one of the beneficiaries, is SMART Company. There exists a number of smart aid programs achieving results across Kenya in different ways such as fighting disease, boosting agriculture, promoting literacy, helping in trading and attracting investments, giving power or encouraging Kenyans to fight corruption and hold their own governments to account. The smart company has aid in putting Kenyans in school or educating them and has helped in reducing malarial deaths rate. Most of the people living in Kenya are at high risk areas of malaria. A number of people have been dying of the dreaded disease but the aid programs established in Kenya together with the Kenyan government unveiled their ambitious strategy to deliver mosquito nets in in the ratio of two nets per family at risk. Within three years of the start of the program by the donors, case of malaria and death rate had been halved. This success was also brought about by delivering effective malaria treatment at lower costs to Kenyans. Kenya is working to expand access to primary health services particularly through the training of two health extension workers per village with the help of MNCs donors thirty thousand young women have been mobilized to transfer health skills to communities, a vital initiative towards a country where health services often fail to reach those in isolated rural areas. The training of these workers and the provision of disease test kits as well as drugs are all paid for by The Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and malaria, all these leads to development. In Kenya as in many places in Africa, opening a bank account requires a minimum deposit which is often beyond the reach of poor families. In rural areas, banks can be far away and inconvenient to reach. M-PESA is money is a money transfer system which allows people to deposit, withdraw, and send money by mobile phone without a bank account. The model was piloted by Vodafone with assistance from U.K. department for international development (DFID). it was implemented in early 2007 by Safaricom, Kenyas largest mobile provider at the time. It now has approximately five million users. A worker in Nairobi can open an account at any M-PESA agent, in a local shop, a Safaricom dealer or a petrol station. He or she can deposit earnings into an M-PESA account and transfer money to family members via SMS. The recipients can then go to a local store in their village and cash the SMS using a secret code contained in the short message, and their identification card. Considering that mobile phone subscriptions in sub Saharan Africa grows by more than sixty percent annually. The investment climate facility (ICF) is an initiative that grew from the 2005 commission of Africa and started operations in July 2007. Its aim is to work with receptive African governments to make the continent an even better place to do business. It is currently active in ten African countries and working on four pan-regional projects and two other initiatives. The CIF is funded by eight donor agencies Germany, Ireland , the Netherlands, South Africa, the U.K., the African Development Bank and International Finance Corporation and nine companies Anglo American, the coca cola company, Microsoft, SABMiller, Sasol, Shell Foundation , Standard Bank, Unilever and Zain. The Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) is an initiative funded by international donors including the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation. AGRA works to enhance agricultural productivity in Africa, Kenya included by training small holder farmers supporting the development of high yielding seed varieties, and ensuring that farmers have access to good quality seeds, tools, and fertilizer. AGRAs Program for Africas Seed Systems (PASS) provides grants and scholarships to agricultural scientists who then take their knowledge to local communities, working with farmers to see which seed variety best suit their land. AGRA works on innovative ways to make these seeds and their supplies widely available to rural farmers. Since 2006, AGRA has trained and certified over 5000 new agro-dealers, and aims to reach 9000 by 2011. This is having a real impact to farmers: in 2006 in Western Kenya, for example a farmer had to travel a distance of about 17 km to an agro dealer to purchase seeds and fertilizer; today that distance is an average of 5 km. AGRA has also provided loan guarantees through which farmers can access credit to purchase supplies that0 will boost their yields and in this case encouraging development. Kibera in Nairobi, Kenya is of east Africa largest slums and the setting for the recent film, The Constant Gardener, which presents images of grinding poverty tempered by peoples spirit of endurance. It is because of this film that the MNC offers to train the local individuals business skills that will enable them to be self sufficient. This past summer, a six-person team that included two Cornell university graduates and one alumna worked alongside residents of Kibera and Nyota, about three and a half hours North West of Nairobi as part of a project called the Base of Pyramid (BoP) protocol. Headed by Johnson graduate school of managements center for sustainable global enterprise, the project seeks to design and test a new process by which large corporations can work closely with poor communities to create new business opportunity for themselves and the community. Kenya, which is home to a subsidiary of SC Johnson was the firs site chosen to test the protocol. As much as it hasnt been attempted anywhere before, this protocol leaves no doubt about the goodwill of multinational corporations in Kenya. This is related to aid as the company seeks to help those willing poor individuals in the country. This has brought development in Kibera residence. One of the team members, Erik simanis, a doctoral candidate at the Johnson school who co-directs the BoP protocol project said: we think that business partnership between corporations and poor communities, when undertaken in a spirit of mutual respect, can be a powerful way to serve the needs of these communities while creating new opportunities for growth and innovation in the company. Multinational companies in Kenya work hand in hand with the government during or when national disasters occur. For instance, during the 2008 drought season which saw many poor living Kenyan citizens who depended on agriculture as their main source of living get highly affected. This forced the government to seek foreign aid and assistance from donors and weel wishers. Varriour governments across the world donated and participated in the contributions, however, major multinational companies in Kenya took the drivers seat.; this corporationa donated various things varying from food to livestock. The Nokia mobile company, a major phone manufacturing company, donated many containers of maize flour and cooking oil to distribute to affected communities. Other companies such as Barclays Bank, Coca Cola, Nakumatt also participated. Nakumatt supermarket which has many branches across east Africa started a campaign to encourage it customers to donate o the needy. The company thus helped Kenyans assist other Kenyans. Realizing that building healthy communities involve more than just donating dollars, Toyota manufacturing companies runs Volunteers in Place Program (VIP). This program was developed to encourage and recognize team members in the company who volunteer to work in foreign aid while supporting the companies operating principle and firm belief to be a good corporate citizen. Through the years, Toyotas program has become an important volunteer network to respond to needs in the communities where the various Toyota company team members live. For many of Toyotas motor company team members, volunteering is a way of life. For others the desire to volunteer is there but help is needed to get them involved. Thats where the VIP program is most helpful to team members. In addition to volunteering to individual selected charities, team members are given the opportunity to support group volunteer activities and project sponsored by the Toyota Company. This has helped in development of Kenyas economy. TechnoServe is a leader in a movement that empowers people in the developing world to build businesses that break the cycle of poverty. Growing enterprises generate jobs and other income opportunities for poor people, enabling them to improve their lives and secure better future for their families. Since its founding in 1968 the U.S. Based non profit organization has helped to create or expand thousands of businesses benefiting millions of people in more that 30 countries. The Financial Times has rated TechnoServe one of the top 5 NGOs for corporate partnerships. TechnoServes corporate partners include Cagill, Kraft, Nestle-Nespresso, Olam International, Peets Coffee and Tea and Unilever among others. Charity Navigator has also awarded his highest foster ranking to TechnoServe. since it was founded in 2000, GM Global Aid has facilitated millions of dollars in donations for disaster relief worldwide. Through this program, GM and it national and international business units and the GM Foundation can quickly direct vehicles, services, or supplies as well as monitory contributions to charitable organization assisting in local disaster relief efforts. An essential component of our disaster relief efforts are that which allows GM employees and others worldwide to contributes funds to disaster relief. On an occasion, contributions from our employees are matched by GM Foundation and their contributions helped in development. The company who knows that no one can effectively tackle child hunger alone, the challenges are too large and complex. Partnerships with other businesses, governmental and non governmental organizations and communities around the world are the best way to achieve our objectives. Together for child vitality builds on Unilevers long tradition of responsible corporate behavior, delivered through businesses firmly rooted in local communities all round the world. World food program brings to partnership more than 40 years experience in providing food assistance to people mostly mothers and children, in worlds poorest countries. The agency has unique knowledge of their nutritional needs and food habits, coupled with logistical expertise and extensive government and health authority relationships. World food program is the worlds larges humanitarian organizations, fighting hunger worldwide and has become the worlds largest provider for school meals and take-home rations for poor children: school meals attract children too school and boost primary school enrolment, attendance, performance and completion as education contributes to development. CONCLUSION This among other contributions of multinational corporations in Kenya and other third world countries has enabled them make tremendous step in development. The government with little assistance from these corporations has been able to efficiently serve its most needy and poor people and thus their contributions are highly relevant and may be credited to most of Kenyas achievement in development. Foreign aid can bring a lot of development if implemented in the right way. It has a lot of positive contributions to economic development.

Analysis Of Blood Smears

Analysis Of Blood Smears The aims of this experiment are to study the morphology and characteristic of blood; distinguish the disproportion of blood when suffering from different diseases and identified the differences between animal and human blood. To achieve the aims, smears of horse blood are prepared and compare with human blood. Then the prepared human blood smears are observed under electron microscope. INTRODUCTION Blood performs a lot of important functions within the body; it contributes homeostasis to the body and playing major role in defence system by phagocytises activity. On an average male adult who weights 70kg has a blood volume of about 5 litres, about 1/12th of the body weight. Blood consists 55% of blood plasma 45% of hematocrit in men, 58% blood plasma and 42% of hematocrit in women. Hematocrit packed with erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (Sherwood 2010). Erythrocytes are the most abundant blood cells with about 4-6 millions/mm3 in blood. Erythrocytes are commonly known as red blood cells. In mammalian, erythrocytes are free of nucleus to allow more room for haemoglobin and are biconcave in shape. Hence, vertebrates erythrocytes have a nucleus. Haemoglobin is the main contained in erythrocytes; it carries oxygen to the tissues, collects and transports the unwanted carbon dioxide away, conveys nutritive substances like amino acids, sugars and mineral then gathers the waste materials that want to eliminated through the renal filter, carries hormones, enzymes and also vitamins to their sites of action (Sherwood 2010). Leukocytes or white blood cells are much less abundant than red blood cells but bigger in size. They responsible for the defence of organism or eliminate harmful foreign material and make up the immune system of the body. The density of leukocytes in the blood is 5000-7000/mm3. There are two categories of leukocytes which are granulocytes and agranulocytes. Granulocytes is due to the presence of granules in cytoplasm and agranulocytes is the absent of granule in the cytoplasm. The granules are difference in different types of granulocytes and make it easier to distinguish among them. The granulocytes distinguish themselves as neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil. Agranulocytes distinguish themselves as lymphocytes and monocytes. Beside of the granules, shape of the nucleus help in recognition of leukocytes (Underwood 2004). The proportion of neutrophil amongst leukocytes is about 50-70%. Its main function is phagocytes bacteria and always present in large amount within the pus of wound. Unfortunately, these cells dead after phagocytes due to unable to renew the lysosomes that used in digesting microbes. Well, eosinophils only 2-4% amongst leukocytes, they attack parasites and phagocytes antigen-antibody complexes. Basophil is 0.5-1%, it secrete anti-coagulant and vasodilator substances as histamines and serotonin. It takes part in phagocyte activity but the main function is secreting substances that mediate the hypersensitivity reaction. Lymphocyte own 20-40% proportion of leukocytes, its little cell that compact with round nucleus. Lymphocytes populate the lymphoid tissues (Bajanowski 1997), lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, lymphoid nodules, and palatine tonsils) as well as the lymph that circulate in the lymphatic vessel (Underwood 2004). Monocytes cooperate in immune defence although they are only 3-8% of leukocytes volume and its the precursors of macrophages (Sherwood 2010). They are large blood cells, which mature in the bone marrows before enter to the blood circulation and they only stay for 24-36 hours then will migrate into the connective tissue, where they become macrophages and move within the tissues. Monocytes migrate very rapidly to site if presence of an inflammation and intense phagocytory activity. Beside phagocytory activity, monocytes involve in secreting lysozime, interfereons and other defensive substances (Underwood 2004). Platelets or thrombocytes are fragments of cells in the blood with diameter about 2-3ÂÂ µm; hence they are much smaller than erythrocytes. Their density in the blood is only 200000-300000/mm3. They are responsible for blood clotting to prevent blood loss from broken vessels. The blood vessel constricts to reduce blood flow and loss. Platelets then aggregate at the point of the broken vessel and produce a plug to stop blood loss. To this purpose, they aggregate and release serotonin to reduce the diameter of lesion vessel and slow down the haematic flux to promote the blood coagulation (Sherwood 2010). Plasma is the most abundant liquid component of blood with a yellowish colour. It makes up approximately 55% of total blood volume. Plasma is alkaline and it functional to maintains the pH of the blood at approximately 7.4. It also maintains the osmotic balance of body cells. The composition of plasma is 90% water and 10% of dry matter like glucose, lipids, protein, glycoprotein, hormones, amino acids and vitamins (Sherwood 2010). The morphology and characteristics of blood will be study by preparing the horse blood smears samples that with and without stained. Blood smears stained by haematoxylin and eosin are easier to identify under microscope during this experiment. Blood smears of different pathologies will be investigated and identified by taking noted the numbers of cells present, shape and sizes of different types of cells and remark with drawing. METHODS First part of this experiment involved preparation of horse blood smear samples. A small drop of horse blood is placed at one end of a slide and placed a cover slip at the edge of the blood then dragged gently through the slide in order to produce a thin blood smears. The blood smear needs to be essentially thin until the blood is hardly visible; this is to ensure that individual cells were easily determined. If the smear appear red that mean it is not thin enough or too thick, this may be hard to observe through the microscope and do the cells count as packed cells is hard to see clearly under microscope. Second slides are prepared by using exactly the same way as the first one. Both slides placed immediately into a container containing ethanol for 2 minutes. Ethanol is a colourless substance and used as a fixative, it helps to preserve cell smear samples so that cells do not denature. It does not damage the cells at all, just helps to maintain them for analysis. After the use of ethanol, the slide then dried by just slanting it on a piece of tissue. Dap and rubs are not allowed, as it will destroy the thin film of smear. The unstained smear was considered ready for analysis. It was placed a side waiting for investigation progress. The second remaining slide then stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Haematoxylin is widely used in medical diagnosis; it is a blue substance stain that used to stained nuclei of cells into blue or purple colour. The nuclear staining is followed by other structures of the cells bodies with eosin stain that stain the granules of the cytoplasm in shades of red, pink and orange. Stained process performed by dipped the slide in a staining container containing haematoxylin for 2 minutes and rinse gently with water followed by dipped in another staining container containing eosin for 30 seconds and again rinse gently with water. A drop of mountant is applied on the smear and then covered with a glass coverslip. Mountant is a medium used for mounting a slid for microscopy purposes. The staining times varied slightly because the specimen was leave in the haematoxylin longer when the colour looks pale or pink and leave in the eosin for longer when it looks very dark blue. Both slides are completed and viewed under microscope. Unstained and stained smears were then observed under the microscope initiate by x10 magnification to find the cells and upgraded to higher definition of x40 magnification for details observation. Observation started with stained smears followed by unstained smears, as stained smears is easier to determine the cells. Both smears were drawn accordingly and labelled all the particular structures of interest. Commend are made upon on how the stained smear differs from unstained smear. In second part of the experiment, human blood smears are observed. Stained human blood smears taken from patients who suffer from no known pathology, sickle cell anaemia, eosinophilia, acute lymphocytic leukaemia and iron deficiency anaemia were observed. A textbook includes of brief description and expectation of what to see from the pathological blood smears are provided during the practical. In this session, each slide provided is observed under microscope. Always started with x10 magnification and moved to x40 magnification while drawing. First, normal human blood smear is observed in order to identified elements in normal blood, then go onto the pathology smears and compared found morphology that identified in horse blood in part A. The cellular elements of each smear were drawn, labelled and recorded any differences observed in pathological smears when compared to normal blood smears. The relative numbers of each cell type are counted. RESULTS: Part A: Horse blood smears Figure 1 illustrated stained horse blood smear under microscope of x40 magnification. The blood cells are stained with haematoxylin and eosin. One monocyte, one small lymphocyte, one neutrophil and bundle of erythrocytes (red blood cells) are seen. Nuclei of the leukocytes were purple-blue in colour due to the haematoxylin staining and the cytoplasm of the leukocytes appeared pink due to eosin staining. The erythrocytes are more abundant compared with leukocytes. Renown, erythrocytes are boconcave disc that absent of nuclei and mitochondria. Figure 2 shows the unstained horse blood smear. The blood cells appeared to be transparent and hard to determine the differences between the erythrocytes and most of the leukocytes except monocyte, as it is greater in size. Part B: Human blood smears Figure 3 shows the human blood smear with no known pathology. Erythrocytes, leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophil) and platelets are presented. The smear make out with more abundant of erythrocytes (R.B.C) than leukocytes and they all appeared healthy. The leukocytes were blue-purple in colour surrounded by numerous erythrocytes that were pinkish in colour. Most of the leukocytes seen are neutrophils; this proves the theory stated leukocytes making up with 50-70% of neutrophils. The neutrophils were intermediate in size, lymphocyte was smaller and monocyte was larger. Their cytoplasm appeared pink in colour. The nucleus of neutrophil lobed with clumps of chromatin. Figure 4 shows human blood smear with sickle cells anaemia. Abnormal red blood cell morphology and sickle cells are seen. Figure 5 shows human blood smear with eosinophilia deficiency. Abnormal or sickle red blood cells appeared. Eosinophil and monocytes are broken. Several of smudge cells presented. Figure 6 shows the blood smear for acute lymphocytic leukaemia. The erythrocytes are not as densely pack as in the smear of human blood with no pathology. This observation clearly illustrated the presented of several lymphocytes in the smear and it appeared larger than erythrocytes. Where acute lymphocytic leukaemia is a blood cancer where the body produces a large numbers of lymphocytes. Figure 7 shows the smear for human iron deficiency anaemia. The erythrocytes are pallor in appearance. Some of the erythrocytes were larger in size. Besides that, smudge cells and different types of leukocytes seen in this smear. There are lymphocytes that small in size and also neutrophils. DISCUSSION Many diseases, disorders, and deficiencies can distinguish by observation of blood cells distribution and appearances (Bain 2005). Disproportionate numbers of leukocytes, presence of immature leukocytes, too high or too low of platelets counts, and deformed of red blood cells are all signs of serious diseases. Somehow, blood smear provides the primary evidence of a specific diagnosis. Monocytes of horse blood smear in fig. 1 are greater in size compare with human blood smear in fig.3. The comprehensive kinetic force between erythrocytes of horse blood is stronger and produced closely attached long chain of erythrocytes. The erythrocytes in fig.1 and 3 appeared normal, uniformed in size and do not have a nucleus as most other cells do. They are round and flattened like a donut with a depression in the middle. Due high density of haemoglobin presented inside the erythrocytes (Sherwood 2010), they appear pink to red in colour with a pale centre. While there are some erythrocytes in fig. 4, 5, 6 and 7 had significant different in shape and irregularities that indicate severe problems. The histological section with stained are more visible and can be noted that the nuclei of the cells appeared purple-blue with stained of haematoxylin (Bain 2005); cytoplasm appeared pinkish with stained of eosin. Unstained leukocytes are colourless and hard to determine as they lack haemoglobin (Bain 2005). The stains enhanced the illustration of the leukocytes and make it easier to distinguish. Granulocytes and agranulocytes were differentiated by observed their cytoplasm. Granulocytes are neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil that has granule in their cytoplasm and its cytoplasm is visible when staining, while agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes that absents of granule in their cytoplasm where their cytoplasm appeared transparent although stained. Neutrophils are cells that have cytoplasm with pink granules, intermediate in size with lobed clumped nucleus, can be identified by observing their nuclei; their nuclei are segmented into 2-5 lobed of different shapes. They composed majority of leukocytes and function to phagocytosis . Eosinophils will easily recognize with their large, red-orange granules. Unfortunately, they arent found from the smears because they are generally low in number. Eosinophils most often become elevated in number when the individual are facing with allergies or parasitic infections. Basophils (figure 1) had large black granules and least often seen from the smears as they are only 1% of leukocytes. Increased numbers of basophiles are not often encountered but may be elevated in certain leukaemia, chicken pox, ulcerative colitis, or after an immunization. Monocytes are the largest cell amongst leukocytes with diameter of 12-20 ÂÂ µm and are often referred as phagocytes. They engulf particles such as cellular debris and bacteria. LHYPERLINK javascript: optionsdisplay(../../../glossary/lymphocyte.html)ymphocytes are smaller and have a homogeneous cytoplasm and a smooth, round nucleus. These cells are responsible for the production of antibodies or immunoglobulin (Bajanowski 1997). There are two types of lymphocytes, B and T cells and they mediated within each other. B cells induce production of antibodies; T cells destroy specific cells (Bajanowski 1997). Figure 4 illustrated human sickle cell anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) affects millions of people worldwide (Charlotte 2010). SCA is disorders of erythrocytes that caused difficulty to haemoglobin molecules when delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body (Peterson 2009). The change of the amino acid results in haemoglobin that responds to the oxygen deficiency by stacking filaments and clustering in red blood cells containing the mutated protein in such a way that their shape is distorted (Sherwood 2010). Eosinophil usually hardly noticeable in blood smears indicates the response of the body to abnormal cells, parasites, or substances that cause an allergic reaction. Donor of the blood smear illustrated in figure 5 may have eosinophilia disorder as broken eosinophil is presented. Eosinophilia is commonly happened to people who have asthma, hay fever, food allergic or parasitic infections such as intestinal worms (Sherwood 2010). In the acute lymphocytic leukemia sample shown in figure 6, there was a noticeable increase in the number of lymphocytes seen. The erythrocytes are pallor and lymphocytes appeared larger than erythrocytes and this is due to a disease of lymphoid cells causing uncontrolled production of lymphocytes (Underwood 2004). Acute lymphocytic leukaemia is a disease where the physical changes take place within the cell (McClain 1990), a reduced count of red blood cells with a raised level of leukocytes. This may leads to an accumulation of blast cells in the bone marrow and causes bone marrow failure (McClain 1990). All the red blood cells in the iron deficiency anaemia sample appeared pale in colour. This usually caused to people with poor diet that contains little iron especially vegetariansbecause the main dietary source of ion is red meat. Besides that, diseases of the small intestine such as gluten intolerance can reduce its ability to absorb iron (Sherwood 2010).

A Journey into the Soul in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness e

A Journey into the Soul in Heart of Darkness A picture is an abstract idea, brought into context to form something concrete. They are made up and created to give off some sort of feeling or mood, that one can relate too. The atmosphere helps determine what kind of mood the picture will take. Any author, of either a painting or piece of literature will set the mood by using their atmosphere to enhance the theme of their creation. In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad uses mood and atmosphere to help create a portrait called, the journey into the soul. The journey to the soul is to find one's self. Atmosphere pervades the mood or spirit. The atmosphere aids in revealing the journey to find one's soul. The setting, "took in the forest, the creek, the mud, the river-seemed to beckon with a dishonoring flourish before the sunlit face of land a treacherous appeal to the lurking death, to the hidden evil, to the profound darkness of its heart." Conrad 54 Conrad does not even mention their exact location which is very peculiar. The main river was described in the form a snake. A snake can be looked at from many points of views, mythological, biblical, literal and metaphorically. The snake represents all the twists and turns and being able to find one's inner-self is very difficult and twisted. The snake represents some of the animal imagery in the novel. Perhaps this is a sign that the jungle is something living and not just an ordinary jungle. Literature's imagery helps to show the main idea th... ...sh off against the state of the reader. While reading the novel I was able to reflect on my own journey to the soul. Any reader can reflect and realize the inevitable. The journey is not a pleasant one, it is a very difficult task, where evil lurks in the smallest of places. These places could be anywhere including the soul and the soul is one of man's most unique qualities. It determines who we are and how we treat everyone surrounding our presence. In this universe people live and die but a soul is immortal and will undertake an eternity. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph.Heart of Darkness.Bantam Books:New York,1981. Resources for the Study of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.1998. Simon & Schuster.Webster's New World Dictionary.Macmillian:New York,1996.

Describe The Roles Of Government In The Present Business Environment :: essays research papers

Describe The Roles of Government In The Present Business Environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the present business environment governments have the power to change and make laws, having a major role and influence on the business environment. There are three levels of government; federal, state and local.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The federal government has power over such areas as; company law, income tax, trade etc. State government has power over pollution, price controls, state courts etc. and local government has power over rates, building approvals and zoning. Through zoning the local government can decide where businesses are located, or how many similar businesses should be built in a particular area. The power of the government can have direct or indirect influences on the business environment, encouraging or forcing businesses to comply. The federal government has the greatest effect over the macroeconomic business environment through the making of policies. The government has a number of economic objectives. They aim to have consistent economic growth, low rates of inflation, a sound international trading situation and low unemployment. To meet these objectives the government must place policies such as fiscal, monetary, trade and income policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiscal policy is the deliberate action of the government to change its levels of income and expenditure, through the annual budget. By budgeting for a deficit or surplus, the government will contract or expand the economy. e.g If the government needed to cut unemployment they would budget for a deficit so more money is injected and less money is taken from the economy by less taxes and higher expenditure raising employment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monetary policy can also raise the level of economic activity. It controls the availability of money by influencing the level of interest rates. Lowering interest rates encourages people to spend and borrow while higher interest rates encourages people to save and not borrow. By lowering interest rates the government encourages spending thus increasing the level of economic activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Income policies influence wage outcomes by negotiating with the unions and the employers and putting arguments before the industrial relations

Communism vs Capitalism Essay -- Communism Essays

Capitalism vs. Communism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history, there have been many systems developed in order to have a better society. Two of the most analyzed, and debated systems that have tired to change an economy for the best are communism, and capitalism. Communism, and capitalism have been compared on many levels, such as why they will or will not work, and which one works better. Throughout this essay I will concentrate on the differences, and similarities of how each operates, along with the benefits, and problems that each of them produces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both of these economic systems theories came about around the same time, in the late 17th to mid18th centuries. One of the main contributor for capitalism was Adam Smith, writing The Wealth of a Nation in 1776, and Karl Marx for communism publishing the Communist Manifesto in 1848. These both were looked as a manual or guide for achieving such advancements. Communism called for the people to not be selfish and work for the benefits of the community rather for their well being. It asks them to see that what benefits the whole, benefits themselves. Capitalism on the other hand is focused on working for individual growth, and personal ownership to provide wealth for one’s self. Communism plans to have a higher power or government control the economy to create a better way of living, by which all goods are equally distributed. As capitalism wants the government to not play a big role i...

Rates Of Medication Errors Health And Social Care Essay

The purpose of the research, Rates of medicine mistakes among down and burnt out occupants: prospective cohort survey by Fahrenkopf, A M et Al. is clearly stated with clear background to the survey in the â€Å" Introduction † subdivision. The survey aimed â€Å" to find the prevalence of depression and burnout and whether a relation exists between these upsets and medicine mistakes † in pediatric occupants. Although the rates of depression and burnt outs in occupants have been extensively studied but ne'er has these two factors been quantified consistently against medicine mistake rates hence doing this research an original piece of work. The writers did non declare any struggle of involvement that may bias their research methodological analysis or decisions. However, the rubric of the paper is misdirecting as it suggests that it applies to all occupants but the writers are merely concentrating on pediatric occupants. Furthermore hypothesis of this survey was non clear ly presented.What did they make?This primary survey was carried out in the signifier of cohort survey dwelling of two control groups of non-depressed and non-burnt out pediatric occupants from three different infirmaries from mid-May through the terminal of June 2003. However, research workers did non clearly warrant why the survey was conducted merely in these â€Å" three urban freestanding kids ‘s infirmary † and why informations from intensive attention units or ambulatory scenes were non included in the survey. Furthermore, there was a four twelvemonth spread from the clip of research to that of printing this paper in 2008. The consequences derived may non to the full applicable as there may hold been alterations in the environment in which occupants are in which brings about a demand for new research to determine the findings. From the direction of namelessness and confidentiality of occupants ‘ individuality it can be seen that the writers had carried out the survey with strict control. Furthermore, medicine mistake informations extractors used were incognizant of the on-going survey which farther minimizes possible prejudice that may originate during the aggregation of mistakes. However, the writers besides informed the participants â€Å" the lone case in which confidentiality would be brokenaˆÂ ¦if they were an immediate danger to themselves or others – that is, showed self-destructive or murderous ideation † and this poses a possible prejudice where participants may under study if they were of all time in such a state of affairs. Although both the quantitative and qualitative tools used in the survey through the usage of well-established questionnaires matched the survey nonsubjective and was suited for the survey design, the executing of the questionnaires for depression and fire out, in my sentiment, could hold been done better with proper psychiatric rating to minimise any prejudice from the occupants as they may either under study or over report their ain status. The writers besides did non reference when these two questionnaires were completed, the frequence of which they were done by the occupants and how they eventually came to the figure of burned out or down occupants.What did they happen?The survey found that down occupants are significantly more likely to do medicine mistakes as opposed to their non-depressed equals while burnt out was found to hold no association with medicine mistake rates. Consequences are by and large clearly reported but with some ambiguity one of the tabular arraies ( Table 2 ) provided. The writer portrayed the informations collected in the signifier of two tabular arraies and to give a diagrammatic representation of their findings, the informations were so set in four saloon graphs showing per centum with P-value. However, information in Table 2 for â€Å" Entire mistakes per occupant, by class † was presented mistakenly as it included site 3 ‘s occupants under nothing mistakes when they did non hold the informations on medicine mistake linked to the participants for that site which may do misunderstanding to readers at first glimpse. The decisions derived can non be generalized to the whole pediatric occupant population even though consequences show that the survey population was valid to fulfill the aim of the survey. The sample size and scene are unequal to claim that the findings represent the whole of pediatric occupants because the survey was merely done in urban freestanding kids ‘s infirmaries and the figure of down occupants were excessively little ( n=24 ) doing the consequences and p-value statistically important but equivocal. Regardless, the research was carried out as intended and the purposes of the paper achieved.So what?Regardless of the statistical significance, the consequences are clinically of import as it highlights the significance of depression in relation to medication mistake rates which may finally take to patient safety concerns. Several reasonable and realistic suggestions for farther research were proposed but they were non elaborated in great inside informations. The writers stated that the more research is required to â€Å" specify better how depression and burnout affect occupants and patient attention in other fortes and to specify better the insouciant relation between depression and mistakes † The writers besides acknowledge their restrictions in great inside informations during in the â€Å" Discussion † session foregrounding that they were clearly cognizant of the jobs within the survey. The survey besides adds usefully to bing cognition as it is the first to quantify the effects of down occupants to the rate of medicine mistakes and had shown that down occupants are significantly more likely to do medicine mistakes. However, it should be noted that this survey may non generalizable as it is done merely in three urban free standing kids ‘s infirmary therefore it did non account for the discrepancy in work load in different fortes and vicinity. Bibliography Fahrenkopf, A M et Al. ( 2012 ) .A Ratess of medicine mistakes among down and burnt out occupants: prospective cohort study.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bmj.com/content/336/7642/488. Last accessed 12th Dec 2012. Trisha Greenhalgh ( 2010 ) .A How to read a paper. 4th erectile dysfunction. Chichester: Wiley. p31-60.Part 2A Report to the Minister of Health of MalaysiaA survey on â€Å" Ratess of medicine mistakes among down and burnt out occupants: prospective cohort survey † by Fahrenkopf, A M et Al.A brief sum-up of the survey:This survey is carried in the United States by 9 research workers on 123 pediatric occupants across 3 kids ‘s infirmary to happen out if there is a relationship between depression and burnout to the rates of medicine mistakes. The writers identified down pediatric occupants are significantly more likely to do medicine mistakes whereas burnt out has no association to the rate of medicine mistakes.Key messages derived from the survey:High prevalence of burnt outs and depression among pediatric occupantsThe survey found that burnt out affected 75 % of the pediatric occupants and 20 % of the occupants were at high hazard for depression. Of the down occupants, a n dismaying 96 % were besides burnt out.Depressed occupants made more than 6 times more medicine mistakes than their equals.Harmonizing to the survey, â€Å" Depressed occupants in pediatricss made more than six times the mistakes in medicine than their non-depressed co-workers † whereas burnt out had no association to the rates of medicine mistakes made. This calls for concern to patient safety as down occupants may potentially increase the figure of preventable patient mortality.Poor wellness and occupation public presentation evaluationsHealth and occupation public presentation evaluations conducted in the survey showed that both down and burnt out occupants scored significantly poorer. Depressed occupants were significantly more likely to describe their wellness as hapless, working in an impaired status more than twice in the old month and to describe hard concentrating at work. Burn out occupants on the other manus are significantly more likely to describe trouble concen trating on work and being worried that they are depressed.Sleep want may play a function in incidence of medical mistakeHarmonizing to the survey, 47.2 % of all pediatric occupants studied reported to hold made â€Å" important † medical mistake due to kip want. This shows that the deficiency of slumber may impair the opinion of occupants and this call for concerns sing overworked occupants ‘ and their ability to supply quality attention for patients without compromising patient ‘s safety.Deductions of this survey:Bettering working conditionsWith about half the occupants describing that they had made important medical mistake due to kip want, the figure of work hours occupants are made to travel through at any point in clip should be reviewed to guarantee that occupants are able to supply quality attention at no via media to patient safety. As with the Health Facts 2012 released by the Ministry of Health, the current physician to patient ratio is now 1:791. A decr ease in this ratio may help to distribute the work load more equally across the board which will take to a possible decrease in work hours and finally understating the degree of medical mistakes made due to kip want.Regular mental wellness showings for occupantsWith such a high prevalence in depression and fire out amongst occupants, regular mental wellness showing will assist guarantee that occupants who are confronting any signifier of upsets seek intervention early so as to cut down any possible side effects that may impact their ability to execute and at the same clip uphold patient safety so that medicine mistakes may be minimised to a lower limit.Further research on depression and fire out effects on occupants ‘ rate of medicine mistake in MalayaAs the research was conducted in USA, the difference in vicinity and working environment could hold presented a different set of work stressors to the pediatric occupants at that place. A research conducted locally for the occupa nts in Malaysia will assist determine the effects of these upsets and besides assist place the cardinal countries for betterment to understate the incidence of preventable patient mortality caused by down or fire out occupants.

Figurative Language in Night

The Holocaust do an impact on everybodys lives but Eli Wiesel has a unrivaled of a kind story. In the novel Night written by Eli Wiesel he shares to everybody about the hardships in submergence multitudes as a young boy. He describes some of the horrible events development fgurative linguistic communication to clearly show his experiences in the Holocaust. Eli uses night to expect the horrors he witnessed around him when the prisoners are on the freezing cattle cars and overly his archetypical day in the camp.Eli uses figurative talking to to realize a better kitchen range in your mind about what he is talking about. For example when the prisoners are on the cattle car during the freezing wintertime Eli mentions, The night was growing perennial, never death (98). Eli isnt Just saying that the nights are presbyopicer in time he is implying that the hardships he is going through are getting worse and longer. Everyone at times cannot expressage an event without using fi gurative language.For face when Eli first arrives at the concentration camp he sees things that he will never get out of his mind. Never sh either I forget that night, the first night in camp that turned my life into one long night (34). Here Eli is using night as all the hardships nd he states that his life is one long night. While all of the prisoners were treated alike(p) animals and forced to fit into cattle cars, Eli says The age resembled nights and the nights left in our souls(100).Eli is stating how the horrors everybody is experiencing are never ending and also never- ending in their souls. Throughout Elis story he a great deal uses night in his figurative language to create an image of what all of the prisoners went through. The Holocaust changed lives all across the world showing that multitude will do horrible things and it also shows how strong people really are.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

Eng. 128:267-277. Evans, R. G.Site-specific sprinkler irrigation in a water-limited future. Trans. ASABE 55(2): 493-504. Cai, X.Rosegrant. 2003. Sustainability statistical analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region. Agric.Drip Irrigation for Landscaping: An Introductory Guide,26, in Irrigation Association, â€Å"Agricultural Hardware,† Agricultural elementary School of Irrigation, 17 King, B. A. and D. L.

ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.